How fast are rail trips between EU cities and is rail faster than air?

This paper analyses rail speed on a set of 1 356 routes between medium and large
EU cities located less than 500 km apart. On only 3 % of routes between these cities
do rail speeds exceed 150 km/h and on 30 % of routes the speed is below 60 km/h.
Rail speeds tend to be lower and more connections are missing in eastern EU Member
States and on cross-border routes.
Out of 297 routes, served by both rail and a direct flight, the rail trip is faster on 68
of the routes. Improving operating speed to 160 km/h on the Trans-European
Transport Network (TEN-T) core would increase this to 103. Operating speeds of
around 175 km/h appear to be sufficient for rail-based trips to consistently
outperform air trips on distances up to 500 km, but this is only necessary for
longer trips.
A switch of air passengers to rail on routes where rail is faster would lead to a 17 %
reduction in the total amount of CO2 emissions from air trips on the 297 routes
analysed, and a 4.2 % decrease in passenger travel time on these routes. If the speed
on the TEN-T core network were to be improved, as proposed by the European
Commission, such a modal switch would reduce CO2
emissions on these routes by
25 % and travel times would decrease by 6 %. Such a modal switch would, however,
require more than improvements in travel time alone and should consider issues such
as cost, convenience, comfort and connecting flights.