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D6.3.5: Policy brief the building-scale performance of blue-green roofs
In this policy brief, the hydrological performance and the performance on heat stress reduction is discussed. A more detailed description of the findings can be found in the final report (see RESILIO Final Report: Haer et al., 2021). The results for the hydrological performance are furthermore published as a peer-reviewed article in Busker et al. (2021).
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D6.1.7: Governance of BG roofs
In the governance of blue-green (BG) roofs, one of the major challenges is exploring opportunities for the development of an economically viable business case for BG roof investments, based on insights into the total cost of ownership (TCO) and the assessment of economic, environmental, and social benefits that is part of the societal cost-benefit analysis (SCBA).
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D6.1.5: Microwater management overeenkomst
Governance protocol voor blauw-groene daken: In het project RESILIO worden blauw-groene daken gerealiseerd op de daken van gebouwen van woningcorporaties in Amsterdam. Doel van dit project is om blauwgroene daken als klimaatadaptatieve maatregel te implementeren in een reële setting om onder ander onderzoek te doen naar klimaateffecten op gebouw-, buurt- en stadsniveau, maar ook naar governance, businessmodellen en bewonersparticipatie.
Activiteit 6.1 van RESILIO richt zich op de governance. Om blauw-groene daken te realiseren en te beheren worden nieuwe organisaties (bv. Woningcorporaties) betrokken bij het watermanagement en moeten nieuwe vormen van afspraken worden gemaakt en nieuwe processen van samenwerking worden ontworpen. In activiteit 6.1 van RESILIO wordt een governance-protocol ontwikkeld voor de aanleg en beheer van slimme blauw-groene daken. -
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D6.1.3: Governance protocol, location 1, Bijltjespad
The governance of smart blue-green roofs is the central theme within RESILIO WP6.1. Our aim is to develop and test governance protocols for the construction and management of smart blue-green roofs, as well as water and data management. In this deliverable, we will build on the conceptual model of collaborative governance presented in deliverable 6.1.1. First, we will elaborate and contextualise this conceptual model. In doing so we will develop a generic governance protocol for developing smart blue-green roofs. Second, we will use this generic protocol to develop a specific governance protocol for the first RESILIO pilot location: ‘Bijltjespad’. In addition to the generic governance protocol and specific protocol for the first pilot location, we will provide an overview of key governance-related challenges that we identified based on interviews and expert meetings in 2019, which we aim to address specifically in 2020 and 2021 as part of WP6.1.
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Blue-green roofs with forecast-based operation to reduce the impact of weather extremes
Conventional green roofs have often been criticised for their limited water buffer capacity during extreme rainfall events and for their susceptibility to droughts when additional irrigation is unavailable. One solution to these challenges is to create an extra blue water retention layer underneath the green layer. Blue-green roofs allow more stormwater to be stored, and the reservoir can act as a water source for the green layer throughout capillary rises. An automated valve regulates the water level of the system. It can be opened to drain water when extreme precipitation is expected. Therefore, the water buffer capacity of the system during extreme rainfall events can be maximised by integrating precipitation forecasts as triggers for the operation of the valve.
However, the added value of this forecast-based operation is yet unknown. Accordingly, in this study, we design and evaluate a hydrological blue-green roof model that utilises precipitation forecasts. We test its performance to capture (extreme) precipitation and to increase evapotranspiration and evaporative cooling under a variety of precipitation forecast-based decision rules. We show that blue-green roofs can capture between 70 % and 97 % of extreme precipitation (>20 mm/h) when set to anticipate ensemble precipitation forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). This capture ratio is considerably higher than that of a conventional green roof without extra water retention (12 %) or that of a blue-green roof that does not use forecast information (i.e., valve always closed; 59 %). Moreover, blue-green roofs allow for high evapotranspiration rates relative to potential evapotranspiration on hot summer days (around 70 %), which is higher than from conventional green roofs (30 %). This serves to underscore the higher capacity of blue-green roofs to reduce heat stress. Using the city of Amsterdam as a case study, we show the high upscaling potential of the concept: on average, potentially suitable flat roofs cover 13.3 % of the total area of the catchments that are susceptible to pluvial flood risk. If the 90th percentile of the ECMWF forecast is used, an 84 % rainfall capture ratio can translate into capturing 11 % of rainfall in flood-prone urban catchments in Amsterdam.
Source: Busker, T., de Moel, H., Hier, T., Schmeits, M., van den Hurk, B., Kyers, K., Cirkel, D. G., & Aerts J. 2021. Blue-green roofs with forecast-based operation to reduce the impact of weather extremes. Elsevier, Journal of Environmental Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113750
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D6.1.9: Governance van slimme blauwgroene daken: aanbestedingsleidraad
Deze deliverable D6.1.9 is onderdeel van een serie deliverables die zich richten op verschillende thema’s betreffende de ‘governance’ van de aanleg en het onderhoud van slimme blauwgroene daken. De onderhavige deliverable behandelt de aanbestedingsprocessen die zijn doorlopen met het oog op de realisering van RESILIO daken op verschillende sociale woningcomplexen van de deelnemende Amsterdamse woningcorporaties. Deze processen bestaan uit de drie fasen van uitvraag van inschrijvingen (offertes), de selectie van opdrachtnemers en het toezien op de uitvoering van de werkzaamheden.
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D6.2.2: Participatieplan Oostelijke Eilanden
In Nederland wordt de laatste jaren steeds meer belang gehecht aan participatie van bewoners en andere stakeholders bij het ontwikkelen en uitvoeren van beleid. Met de invoering van de nationale Omgevingswet (nu gepland voor 2022) zal participatie zelfs een centrale positie innemen in de ontwikkeling van beleid met ruimtelijke consequenties. In de context van RESILIO is verder relevant dat de nationale Woningwet vereist dat huurders van sociale woningen toestemming moeten geven voor renovaties als deze leiden tot een verhoging van de huur. Als het 10 of meer woningen in hetzelfde gebouw betreft, moet 70% van de huurders akkoord gaan. Op het Amsterdamse gemeentelijke niveau vereist het Plaberum 2017 dat bij het plannen van nieuwe ontwikkelingen de participatie van burgers en ondernemers zo vroeg mogelijk wordt gestart. Als gevolg daarvan kunnen over participatie eisen worden opgenomen in aanbestedingsspecificaties.
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D6.2.3: Participatieplan Indische Buurt / Rivierenbuurt
In Nederland wordt de laatste jaren steeds meer belang gehecht aan participatie van bewoners en andere stakeholders bij het ontwikkelen en uitvoeren van beleid. Met de invoering van de nationale Omgevingswet (nu gepland voor 2022) zal participatie zelfs een centrale positie innemen in de ontwikkeling van beleid met ruimtelijke consequenties. In de context van RESILIO is verder relevant dat de nationale Woningwet vereist dat huurders van sociale woningen toestemming moeten geven voor renovaties als deze leiden tot een verhoging van de huur. Als het 10 of meer woningen in hetzelfde gebouw betreft, moet 70% van de huurders akkoord gaan. Op het Amsterdamse gemeentelijke niveau vereist het Plaberum 2017 dat bij het plannen van nieuwe ontwikkelingen de participatie van burgers en ondernemers zo vroeg mogelijk wordt gestart. Als gevolg daarvan kunnen over participatie eisen worden opgenomen in aanbestedingsspecificaties.
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D6.2.4: Participatieplan Oosterparkbuurt
In Nederland wordt de laatste jaren steeds meer belang gehecht aan participatie van bewoners en andere stakeholders bij het ontwikkelen en uitvoeren van beleid. Met de invoering van de nationale Omgevingswet (nu gepland voor 2022) zal participatie zelfs een centrale positie innemen in de ontwikkeling van beleid met ruimtelijke consequenties. In de context van RESILIO is verder relevant dat de nationale Woningwet vereist dat huurders van sociale woningen toestemming moeten geven voor renovaties als deze leiden tot een verhoging van de huur. Als het 10 of meer woningen in hetzelfde gebouw betreft, moet 70% van de huurders akkoord gaan. Op het Amsterdamse gemeentelijke niveau vereist het Plaberum 2017 dat bij het plannen van nieuwe ontwikkelingen de participatie van burgers en ondernemers zo vroeg mogelijk wordt gestart. Als gevolg daarvan kunnen over participatie eisen worden opgenomen in aanbestedingsspecificaties.
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D6.2.5: Participatieplan Slotermeer
In Nederland wordt de laatste jaren steeds meer belang gehecht aan participatie van bewoners en andere stakeholders bij het ontwikkelen en uitvoeren van beleid. Met de invoering van de nationale Omgevingswet (nu gepland voor 2022) zal participatie zelfs een centrale positie innemen in de ontwikkeling van beleid met ruimtelijke consequenties. In de context van RESILIO is verder relevant dat de nationale Woningwet vereist dat huurders van sociale woningen toestemming moeten geven voor renovaties als deze leiden tot een verhoging van de huur. Als het 10 of meer woningen in hetzelfde gebouw betreft, moet 70% van de huurders akkoord gaan. Op het Amsterdamse gemeentelijke niveau vereist het Plaberum 2017 dat bij het plannen van nieuwe ontwikkelingen de participatie van burgers en ondernemers zo vroeg mogelijk wordt gestart. Als gevolg daarvan kunnen over participatie eisen worden opgenomen in aanbestedingsspecificaties.
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Output 6.3.1: The building-scale performance of blue-green roofs
This report shows the results for Work Package 6.3 of the RESILIO project on the building level performance of blue-green roofs. The report focuses on three key themes: the hydrological effectiveness of blue-green roofs under extreme conditions (research by Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), indoor and outdoor heat stress reduction (research by Hogeschool van Amsterdam), and the effects on well-being (research by the GGD).
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Output 6.4.1: Impact assessment at district and city level
This report shows the results for Work Package 6.4 of the RESILIO project on the impact of blue-green roofs on the district and city level. The report focuses on three key themes: the hydrological effect of blue-green roof on a city scale (research by Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), an assessment on the change in the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect (research by Hogeschool van Amsterdam), and valuation of ecosystem services associated with (blue-)green roofs (research by Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam).
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D6.4.5: Policy brief upscaling potential and benefits of blue-green roofs
the findings of the RESILIO project for Amsterdam show that there is considerable potential
for upscaling blue-green roofs in the city. Together, these roofs can contribute meaningfully to various
urban challenges such as pluvial flooding or biodiversity when designed and operated properly.
However, except for rare exceptions, it will in most places be a piece of a larger resilience strategy
that also addresses other measures and issues. The survey also shows a promising willingness to pay
from citizens, illustrating that it is a topic and solution that has some support from citizens. -
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Output 6.1.1: Governance Guidelines & Lessons
The report is structured as follows. Following an overview of the purpose and research questions in this report (chapter 1), a phase model (chapter 2) is presented in which the central processes (stakeholder management, asset management, financial management) across the subsequent phases of blue-green roof construction (start-up, preparation and design, planning, implementation and monitoring) are specified and explained. This
provides insight into the activities that are relevant in each process dimension along the consecutive phases of blue-green roof construction. Subsequently, chapter 3 presents an overview of critical governance dimensions in relation to the potential for wider diffusion of blue-green roofs beyond the RESILIO project (economic, institutional, technological, stakeholder) at different levels in the build environment (roof, building, neighbourhood, city). This is followed by an in-depth look into the RESILIO project and the central governance lessons that have been learned (chapter 4), and a concluding chapter in which conclusions in relation to the governance guidelines for blue-green roofs are discussed, alongside suggestions for future research based on project outcomes (chapter 5) -
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Output 6.2.1: Citizen participation in the RESILIO-project
Neighbourhoods are increasingly seen as having pivotal roles in achieving climate-proof urban futures. In this respect, it is considered important that policy makers listen to and work with the people that live in these areas, and combine climate adaptation measures with efforts to make these neighbourhoods more attractive, healthier and inclusive (Hajer et al., 2020). In line with this, the RESILIO partners considered engaging citizens in the development of blue green roofs as key to the success of the project. To achieve such engagement, a communication and participation strategy was developed and executed in each of the five RESILIO pilot areas to create awareness about climate adaptation in general and to make people familiar with the benefits provided by blue-green roofs more specifically. The belief is that this could not only lead to higher awareness about the need for climate change adaptation and hence higher acceptance of associated measures, but also increase the willingness to contribute to climate change adaptation by taking own adaptation measures.
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D6.4.4: Valuation of ecosystem services
This report shows the result for D6.4.4. of the RESILIO project on the valuation of ecosystem services. The report specifically focuses on the valuation of biodiversity, as other ecosystem services such as water storage and heat reduction are valued as part of D6.5 societal costbenefit analysis. D6.4.4. also contributes to D6.5.
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Output 6.5.1: Societal cost-benefit analysis and business case of blue-green roofs
This report shows the potential for a positive SCBA and a closed business case based on the RESILIO roofs. Scaling up to a neighbourhood or city scale through market roll-out, organization roll-out, or quantitative, function, geographical expansion/replication will yield further benefits of scale.
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D6.5.5: Policy brief social cost-benefit analysis of smart blue-green roofs
Urban areas are faced with increases in extreme precipitation, prolonged periods of heat and drought, and a lack of space for urban greening. Urban space for adaptation solutions is however limited. Within the RESILIO project, these challenges are addressed by implementing smart blue-green roofs. Blue-green roofs offer the multiple benefits which can be read in the report below.